Supporting parenting in early childhood to foster human development and mental health

Parents and caregivers are among the most influential determinants of early childhood development and mental health, playing a critical part in achieving global policy goals. Here we critically examine current knowledge and open questions regarding key parenting behaviors related to (1) engagement in play and other learning activities and (2) discipline and punishment. Parenting is shaped by socioeconomic, cultural, social, cognitive, emotional and environmental factors and, in turn, exerts a lasting influence on child development. Engagement in learning activities and nonviolent discipline promote resilience and support cognitive, social and emotional development, whereas physical and psychological punishment increase long-term risk for maladaptive developmental and mental health outcomes. Situated within broader geo-bioecological contexts, ecological interventions, particularly parenting support programs, show strong evidence for promoting positive behaviors and child development. Yet, further research is needed to optimize the long-term effectiveness, integration, implementation and scalability of such programs across cultures and settings.

16-09-2026